What is axial ratio in polarization?

In physics, the axial ratio describes electromagnetic radiation with elliptical, or circular, polarization. The axial ratio is the ratio of the magnitudes of the major and minor axis defined by the electric field vector.

What is cross-polarization ratio?

The wave depolarization is typically characterized by the cross-polarization ratio (XPR) for each multipath component (MPC). It is the ratio of propagation path attenuation when a wave is transmitted and received with the same polarization to when a wave is transmitted and received at the orthogonal polarization.

What is axial ratio bandwidth?

It related to the polarization bandwidth and this number expresses the quality of the circular polarization of an antenna. In GPS antennas we are interested to know how well the antenna suppresses the unwanted left hand circular polarization.

What is the difference between co polarization to cross-polarization?

Co-polar means when the polarization of both the transmitting (test antenna) and receiving antenna (reference horn antenna) is the same and cross polarization means when the polarization of both the antennas are different.

What is axial ratio in proteins?

A measure of the asymmetry of a macromolecule, assumed to be an ellipsoid, given by the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis; it is evaluated from physical properties, e.g. hydrodynamic behaviour, light scattering.

How does cross polarization work?

Cross-Polarization Photography is the method of taking two linear polarizers – a polarizing film at the light source and a polarizing filter at the lens – and rotating both polarizers opposite each other to further dim light or cause what is known aslight extinction.

Why does cross polarization occur?

This term arises because an antenna is never 100% polarized in a single mode (linear, circular, etc). Hence, two radiation patterns of an antenna are sometimes presented, the co-pol (or desired polarization component) radiation pattern and the cross-polarization radiation pattern.

Why is axial ratio important?

This ratio tells us the deviation of an antenna from the ideal case of circular polarization over a specified angular range. Since a circularly polarised field is made up of two orthogonal electric field components of equal amplitude and 90 degrees out of phase, the closer the axial ratio is to 0 dB, the better.

What is cross polarization discrimination?

Here at CommScope we use the following formal definition of XPD: “Cross-Polarization Discrimination, in dB, is the difference between the peak of the co-polarized main beam, and the maximum cross-polarized signal over an angle twice the 3dB beamwidth of the co-polarized main beam.”

What is axial ratio in crystallography?

Axial ratios are defined as the relative lengths of the crystallographic axes. They are normally taken as relative to the length of the b crystallographic axis.

How to calculate axial ratio and cross polar discrimination?

Axial ratio and cross polar discrimination (XPD) interference. For circular polarisation the purity of the polarisation is specified in terms of axial ratio. To obtain the cross polar discrimination (XPD) interference refer to the following formula: XPD = 20 log ( (r+1)/ (r-1)) dB. Axial Ratio AR (dB)

Which is the ideal axial ratio for linear polarization?

The axial ratio for pure linear polarization is infinite, because the orthogonal components of the field is zero. Axial ratios are often quoted for antennas in which the desired polarization is circular. The ideal value of the axial ratio for circularly polarized fields is 0 dB.

Can a circularly polarized antenna have a low axial ratio?

When testing state-of-the-art, very low axial ratio circularly polarized antennas, it is unlikely that the source antenna will have a lower axial ratio by virtue of the fact that it cannot itself be better than the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, range ground or other sources of multipath reflections can also have an impact upon AR W .

How do I measure axial ratio of the antenna?

In addition, the axial ratio tends to degrade away from the mainbeam of an antenna, so the axial ratio may be indicated in a spec sheet (data sheet) for an antenna as follows: “Axial Ratio: <3 dB for +-30 degrees from mainbeam”. This indicates that the deviation from circular polarization is less than 3 dB over the specified angular range.